Solidity – Operators

In Solidity, operators are used to perform various operations on variables. The most common types of operators include:

1. Arithmetic Operators: These operators are used to perform mathematical operations such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%).

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Example {
    uint a = 5;
    uint b = 2;
    uint c;

    function calculate() public {
        c = a + b; // c = 7
        c = a - b; // c = 3
        c = a * b; // c = 10
        c = a / b; // c = 2
        c = a % b; // c = 1
    }
}

2. Comparison Operators: These operators are used to compare two values and return a Boolean result. They include equal to (==), not equal to (!=), greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or equal to (>=), and less than or equal to (<=).

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Example {
    uint a = 5;
    uint b = 2;
    bool c;

    function compare() public {
        c = a == b; // c = false
        c = a != b; // c = true
        c = a > b; // c = true
        c = a < b; // c = false
        c = a >= b; // c = true
        c = a <= b; // c = false
    }
}

3. Logical Operators: These operators are used to perform logical operations such as and (&&), or (||), and not (!).

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Example {
    bool a = true;
    bool b = false;
    bool c;

    function logic() public {
        c = a && b; // c = false
        c = a || b; // c = true
        c = !a; // c = false
    }
}

4. Bitwise Operators: These operators are used to perform bitwise operations on integers such as and (&), or (|), xor (^), not (~), left shift (<<), and right shift (>>).

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Example {
    uint a = 5;
    uint b = 3;
    uint c;

    function bitwise() public {
        c = a & b; // c = 1
        c = a | b; // c = 7
        c = a ^ b; // c = 6
        c = ~a; // c = -6
        c = a << 2; // c = 20
        c = a >> 1; // c = 2
    }
}

5. Assignment Operators: These operators are used to assign a value to a variable. The most common assignment operator is the equal sign (=), but there are also several shorthand assignment operators that can be used to perform an operation and then assign the result to a variable. These include:

+= (addition assignment)

-= (subtraction assignment)

*= (multiplication assignment)

/= (division assignment)

%= (modulus assignment)

&= (bitwise and assignment)

|= (bitwise or assignment)

^= (bitwise xor assignment)

<<= (left shift assignment)

>>= (right shift assignment)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Example {
    uint a = 5;
    uint b = 3;
    uint c;

    function assignment() public {
        c = a; // c = 5
        c += b; // c = 8
        c -= a; // c = 3
        c *= a; // c = 15
        c /= b; // c = 5
        c %= a; // c = 0
    }
}

6. Conditional (Ternary) Operator: This operator is used to perform a conditional operation based on a Boolean expression. The syntax for the conditional operator is expression ? value1 : value2. If the expression is true, the operator returns value1, otherwise it returns value2.

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Example {
    uint a = 5;
    uint b = 3;
    uint c;

    function ternary() public {
        c = (a > b) ? a : b; // c = 5
    }
}